77.040.10 - Mechanical testing of metals
ICS 77.040.10 Details
Mechanical testing of metals
Mechanische Prufung von Metallen
Essais mécaniques des métaux
Mehansko preskušanje kovin
General Information
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This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (i. e. ISO 3995:1977). The method subjects a compact pressed form metallic powder to a uniformly increasing transverse force under controlled conditions until fracture occurs. the green strength is determined on compacts either having a particular density or after compaction at a specific compacting pressure.
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This document specifies the methods for: a) uninterrupted creep tests with continuous monitoring of extension; b) interrupted creep tests with periodic measurement of elongation; c) stress rupture tests where normally only the time to fracture is measured; d) a test to verify that a predetermined time can be exceeded under a given force, with the elongation or extension not necessarily being reported. NOTE A creep test can be continued until fracture has occurred or it can be stopped before fracture.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of green strength by measuring the transverse rupture strength of compacts of rectangular cross-section.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of green strength by measuring the transverse rupture strength of compacts of rectangular cross-section.
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This document specifies a method of instrumented Charpy V-notch pendulum impact testing on metallic materials and the requirements concerning the measurement and recording equipment.
With respect to the Charpy pendulum impact test described in ISO 148-1, this test provides further information on the fracture behaviour of the product under impact testing conditions.
The results of instrumented Charpy test analyses are not directly transferable to structures or components and shall not be directly used in design calculations or safety assessments.
NOTE General information about instrumented impact testing can be found in References [1] to [5].
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This document specifies a method for designating test specimen axes in relation to product texture by means of an X-Y-Z orthogonal coordinate system.
This document applies equally to unnotched and notched (or precracked) test specimens.
This document is intended only for metallic materials with uniform texture that can be unambiguously determined.
Test specimen orientation is decided before specimen machining, identified in accordance with the designation system specified in this document, and recorded.
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This document specifies a method of instrumented Charpy V-notch pendulum impact testing on metallic materials and the requirements concerning the measurement and recording equipment. With respect to the Charpy pendulum impact test described in ISO 148-1, this test provides further information on the fracture behaviour of the product under impact testing conditions. The results of instrumented Charpy test analyses are not directly transferable to structures or components and shall not be directly used in design calculations or safety assessments. NOTE General information about instrumented impact testing can be found in References [1] to [5].
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This document specifies a method for designating test specimen axes in relation to product texture by means of an X-Y-Z orthogonal coordinate system. This document applies equally to unnotched and notched (or precracked) test specimens. This document is intended only for metallic materials with uniform texture that can be unambiguously determined. Test specimen orientation is decided before specimen machining, identified in accordance with the designation system specified in this document, and recorded.
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This document specifies a method for determining the ability of metallic wire, of diameter dimension from 0,3 mm to 10,0 mm inclusive, to undergo plastic deformation during reverse torsion. This test is used to detect surface defects, as well as to assess ductility.
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This document specifies a method for determination of the biaxial stress-strain curve of metallic sheets having a thickness below 3 mm in pure stretch forming without significant friction influence. In comparison with tensile test results, higher strain values can be achieved.
NOTE In this document, the term "biaxial stress-strain curve" is used for simplification. In principle, in the test the "biaxial true stress-true strain curve" is determined.
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This document specifies the method of linear elastic dynamic instrumented indentation test for determination of indentation hardness and indentation modulus of materials showing elastic-plastic behaviour when oscillatory force or displacement is applied to the indenter while the load or displacement is held constant at a prescribed target value or while the indenter is continuously loaded to a prescribed target load or target depth.
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This document specifies a method for determination of the biaxial stress-strain curve of metallic
sheets having a thickness below 3 mm in pure stretch forming without significant friction influence. In
comparison with tensile test results, higher strain values can be achieved.
NOTE In this document, the term "biaxial stress-strain curve" is used for simplification. In principle, in the
test the "biaxial true stress-true strain curve" is determined.
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This document specifies a method for determining the ear height of metal sheet and strip of nominal thickness from 0,1 mm to 3 mm after deep drawing.
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This document specifies a method of converting room temperature percentage elongations after fracture obtained on various proportional and non-proportional gauge lengths to other gauge lengths.
Formula (1), on which conversions are based, is considered to be reliable when applied to austenitic stainless steels within the tensile strength range 450 to 750 N/mm2 and in the solution treated condition.
These conversions are not applicable to:
a) cold reduced steels;
b) quenched and tempered steels;
c) non-austenitic steels.
These conversions are not applicable when the gauge length exceeds 25√S0 or where the width to thickness ratio of the test piece exceeds 20.
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This document specifies a method of converting room temperature percentage elongations after fracture obtained on various proportional and non-proportional gauge lengths to other gauge lengths.
Formula (1), on which conversions are based, is considered to be reliable when applied to carbon, carbon manganese, molybdenum and chromium molybdenum steels within the tensile strength range 300 N/mm2 to 700 N/mm2 and in the hot-rolled, hot-rolled and normalized or annealed conditions, with or without tempering.
These conversions are not applicable to:
a) cold reduced steels;
b) quenched and tempered steels;
c) austenitic steels.
These conversions are not applicable when the gauge length exceeds or where the width to thickness ratio of the test piece exceeds 20.
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This document specifies terms and definitions, symbols and designations, principle, apparatus, test piece, procedure, data processing, evaluation of test result, test report and other contents for the torsion test at high strain rates for metallic materials by using torsional split Hopkinson bar (TSHB).
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This document establishes verification procedures to determine the accuracy, speed of response, and stability of temperature measurement for materials testing equipment. These procedures are specified for the expected use in fatigue tests on metals where these characteristics are important to the fidelity of tests at high or varying temperature. The principles set out include sufficient provision for both contacting and non-contacting methods of temperature measurement. This document is for the end-to-end verification of registered value compared with “true” specimen temperature at the point of measurement. It cannot be used to specify the correct method or location of measurement. NOTE: The methodologies could be found applicable to test types beyond mechanical fatigue of metals, but that is outside the remit of this document.
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This document specifies a method for determination of the biaxial stress-strain curve of metallic sheets having a thickness below 3 mm in pure stretch forming without significant friction influence. In comparison with tensile test results, higher strain values can be achieved. NOTE In this document, the term "biaxial stress-strain curve" is used for simplification. In principle, in the test the "biaxial true stress-true strain curve" is determined.
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This document specifies a method of converting room temperature percentage elongations after
fracture obtained on various proportional and non-proportional gauge lengths to other gauge lengths.
Formula (1), on which conversions are based, is considered to be reliable when applied to austenitic
stainless steels within the tensile strength range 450 to 750 N/mm2 and in the solution treated
condition.
These conversions are not applicable to:
a) cold reduced steels;
b) quenched and tempered steels;
c) non-austenitic steels.
These conversions are not applicable when the gauge length exceeds 25 0S or where the width to
thickness ratio of the test piece exceeds 20.
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This document specifies a method of converting room temperature percentage elongations after
fracture obtained on various proportional and non-proportional gauge lengths to other gauge lengths.
Formula (1), on which conversions are based, is considered to be reliable when applied to carbon,
carbon manganese, molybdenum and chromium molybdenum steels within the tensile strength range
300 N/mm2 to 700 N/mm2 and in the hot-rolled, hot-rolled and normalized or annealed conditions, with
or without tempering.
These conversions are not applicable to:
a) cold reduced steels;
b) quenched and tempered steels;
c) austenitic steels.
These conversions are not applicable when the gauge length exceeds 25 S0 or where the width to
thickness ratio of the test piece exceeds 20.
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This document applies to stress and/or force-controlled thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) testing. Both forms of control, force or stress, can be applied according to this document. This document describes the equipment, specimen preparation, and presentation of the test results in order to determine TMF properties.
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This document specifies the conditions for performing torsional, constant-amplitude, nominally elastic stress fatigue tests on metallic specimens without deliberately introducing stress concentrations. The tests are typically carried out at ambient temperature or an elevated temperature in air by applying a pure couple to the specimen about its longitudinal axis. While the form, preparation and testing of specimens of circular cross-section and tubular cross-section are described in this document, component and other specialized types of testing are not included. Similarly, low-cycle torsional fatigue tests carried out under constant-amplitude angular displacement control, which lead to failure in a few thousand cycles, are also excluded.
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This document specifies a method of converting room temperature percentage elongations after fracture obtained on various proportional and non-proportional gauge lengths to other gauge lengths. Formula (1), on which conversions are based, is considered to be reliable when applied to carbon, carbon manganese, molybdenum and chromium molybdenum steels within the tensile strength range 300 N/mm2 to 700 N/mm2 and in the hot-rolled, hot-rolled and normalized or annealed conditions, with or without tempering. These conversions are not applicable to: a) cold reduced steels; b) quenched and tempered steels; c) austenitic steels. These conversions are not applicable when the gauge length exceeds or where the width to thickness ratio of the test piece exceeds 20.
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This document specifies a method of converting room temperature percentage elongations after fracture obtained on various proportional and non-proportional gauge lengths to other gauge lengths. Formula (1), on which conversions are based, is considered to be reliable when applied to austenitic stainless steels within the tensile strength range 450 to 750 N/mm2 and in the solution treated condition. These conversions are not applicable to: a) cold reduced steels; b) quenched and tempered steels; c) non-austenitic steels. These conversions are not applicable when the gauge length exceeds 25√S0 or where the width to thickness ratio of the test piece exceeds 20.
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This document specifies the small punch method of testing metallic materials and the estimation of tensile, creep and fracture mechanical material properties from cryogenic up to high temperatures.
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IEC 61788-25:2018 specifies the test method and procedures for testing tensile mechanical properties of REBCO superconductive composite tapes at room temperature. This test is used to measure the modulus of elasticity and 0,2 % proof strength. The values for elastic limit, fracture strength and percentage elongation after fracture serve only as a reference. This document applies to samples having a rectangular cross-section with an area of 0,12 mm2 to 6,0 mm2 (corresponding to the tapes with width of 2,0 mm to 12,0 mm and thickness of 0,06 mm to 0,5 mm)
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This document specifies testing conditions for use when constructing a forming-limit curve (FLC) at ambient temperature and using linear strain paths. The material considered is flat, metallic and of thickness between 0,3 mm and 4 mm.
NOTE The limitation in thickness of up to 4 mm is proposed, giving a maximum allowable thickness to the punch diameter ratio.
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This document specifies a generic test method to determine the abrasion wear characteristics of hardmetals.
The test is appropriate for use in situations where test laboratories have a need to simulate abrasive damage. The procedure includes information which enables the test to be used in a variety of different conditions:
a) with counterface wheels of different stiffness (for example steel and rubber);
b) wet and dry;
c) different abrasive sizes;
d) different chemical environments.
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This document specifies the method for rotating bar bending fatigue testing of metallic materials. The tests are conducted at room temperature or elevated temperature in air, the specimen being rotated. Fatigue tests on notched specimens are not covered by this document, since the shape and size of notched specimens have not been standardized. However, fatigue test procedures described in this document can be applied to fatigue tests of notched specimens.
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This document specifies methods for determining fracture toughness in terms of K, δ, J and R-curves for homogeneous metallic materials subjected to quasistatic loading. Specimens are notched, precracked by fatigue and tested under slowly increasing displacement. The fracture toughness is determined for individual specimens at or after the onset of ductile crack extension or at the onset of ductile crack instability or unstable crack extension. In cases where cracks grow in a stable manner under ductile tearing conditions, a resistance curve describing fracture toughness as a function of crack extension is measured. In some cases in the testing of ferritic materials, unstable crack extension can occur by cleavage or ductile crack initiation and growth, interrupted by cleavage extension. The fracture toughness at crack arrest is not covered by this document. Special testing requirements and analysis procedures are necessary when testing weldments, and these are described in ISO 15653 which is complementary to this document. Statistical variability of the results strongly depends on the fracture type, for instance, fracture toughness associated with cleavage fracture in ferritic steels can show large variation. For applications that require high reliability, a statistical approach can be used to quantify the variability in fracture toughness in the ductile-to-brittle transition region, such as that given in ASTM E1921. However, it is not the purpose of this document to specify the number of tests to be carried out nor how the results of the tests are to be applied or interpreted.
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IEC 61788-24:2018 describes a test method for determining the retained critical current after double bending at room temperature of short and straight Ag- and/or Ag alloy-sheathed Bi-2223 superconducting wires that have the shape of a flat or square tape containing mono- or multicores of oxides. The wires can be laminated with copper alloy, stainless steel or Ni alloy tapes. The test method is intended for use with superconductors that have a critical current less than 300 A and an n-value larger than 5.
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This document specifies the method for measuring the stress-strain curves of sheet metals subject to biaxial tension using a cruciform test piece fabricated from a sheet metal sample. The applicable thickness of the sheet is 0,1 mm or more and 0,08 times or less of the arm width of the cruciform test piece (see Figure 1). The test temperature ranges from 10 °C to 35 °C. The amount of plastic strain applicable to the gauge area of the cruciform test piece depends on the force ratio, slit width of the arms, work hardening exponent (n-value) (see Annex B) and anisotropy of a test material.
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This document specifies the conditions for conducting the plane bending fatigue test on an axial machine, constant-amplitude, force or displacement controlled, at room temperature (ideally between 10 °C and 35 °C) on metallic specimens, without deliberately introduced stress concentrations. This document does not include the reversed/partially loading test. The purpose of the test is to provide relevant results, such as the relation between applied stress and number of cycles to failure for a given material condition, expressed by hardness and microstructure, at various stress ratios. Although the shape, preparation and testing of specimens of rectangular and bevelled cross-section are specified, component testing and other specialized forms of testing are not included in this document. Fatigue tests on notched specimens are not covered by this document since the shape and size of notched test pieces have not been specified in any standard so far. Guidelines are given in Annex A. However, the fatigue-test procedures described in this document can be used for testing such notched specimens. It is possible for the results of a fatigue test to be affected by atmospheric conditions. Where controlled conditions are required, ISO 554:1976, 2.1 applies.
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This document specifies a procedure for developing forming-limit diagrams and forming-limit curves for metal sheets and strips of thicknesses from 0,3 mm to 4 mm.
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This document specifies testing conditions for use when constructing a forming-limit curve (FLC) at
ambient temperature and using linear strain paths. The material considered is flat, metallic and of
thickness between 0,3 mm and 4 mm.
NOTE The limitation in thickness of up to 4 mm is proposed, giving a maximum allowable thickness to the
punch diameter ratio.
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This document specifies the Small Punch method of testing metallic materials and the estimation of tensile, creep and fracture mechanical material properties from cryogenic up to high temperatures.
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This document specifies a method for determining the ability of metallic materials to undergo plastic deformation in bending.
This document applies to test pieces taken from metallic products, as specified in the relevant product standard. It is not applicable to certain materials or products, for example tubes in full section or welded joints, for which other standards exist.
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This document specifies a method for determining the tensile strain hardening exponent n of flat products (sheet and strip) made of metallic materials.
The method is valid only for that part of the stress-strain curve in the plastic range where the curve is continuous and monotonic (see 8.4).
In the case of materials with a serrated stress-strain curve in the work hardening range (materials which show the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect, e.g. AlMg-alloys), the automatic determination (linear regression of the logarithm true stress vs. the logarithm true plastic strain, see 8.7) is used to give reproducible results.
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This document specifies a generic test method to determine the abrasion wear characteristics of
hardmetals.
The test is appropriate for use in situations where test laboratories have a need to simulate abrasive
damage. The procedure includes information which enables the test to be used in a variety of different
conditions:
a) with counterface wheels of different stiffness (for example steel and rubber);
b) wet and dry;
c) different abrasive sizes;
d) different chemical environments.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a generic test method to determine the abrasion wear characteristics of hardmetals. The test is appropriate for use in situations where test laboratories have a need to simulate abrasive damage. The procedure includes information which enables the test to be used in a variety of different conditions: a) with counterface wheels of different stiffness (for example steel and rubber); b) wet and dry; c) different abrasive sizes; d) different chemical environments.
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This document specifies testing conditions for use when constructing a forming-limit curve (FLC) at ambient temperature and using linear strain paths. The material considered is flat, metallic and of thickness between 0,3 mm and 4 mm. NOTE The limitation in thickness of up to 4 mm is proposed, giving a maximum allowable thickness to the punch diameter ratio.
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This document specifies a procedure for developing forming-limit diagrams and forming-limit curves
for metal sheets and strips of thicknesses from 0,3 mm to 4 mm.
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This document specifies a method for determining the ability of metallic materials to undergo plastic
deformation in bending.
This document applies to test pieces taken from metallic products, as specified in the relevant product
standard. It is not applicable to certain materials or products, for example tubes in full section or
welded joints, for which other standards exist.
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This document specifies a method for determining the tensile strain hardening exponent n of flat
products (sheet and strip) made of metallic materials.
The method is valid only for that part of the stress-strain curve in the plastic range where the curve is
continuous and monotonic (see 8.4).
In the case of materials with a serrated stress-strain curve in the work hardening range (materials
which show the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect, e.g. AlMg-alloys), the automatic determination (linear
regression of the logarithm true stress vs. the logarithm true plastic strain, see 8.7) is used to give
reproducible results.
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This document specifies a procedure for developing forming-limit diagrams and forming-limit curves for metal sheets and strips of thicknesses from 0,3 mm to 4 mm.
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This document specifies a method for determining the ability of metallic materials to undergo plastic deformation in bending. This document applies to test pieces taken from metallic products, as specified in the relevant product standard. It is not applicable to certain materials or products, for example tubes in full section or welded joints, for which other standards exist.
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This document specifies a method for determining the plastic strain ratio of flat products (sheet and strip) made of metallic materials.
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This document specifies a method for determining the tensile strain hardening exponent n of flat products (sheet and strip) made of metallic materials. The method is valid only for that part of the stress-strain curve in the plastic range where the curve is continuous and monotonic (see 8.4). In the case of materials with a serrated stress-strain curve in the work hardening range (materials which show the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect, e.g. AlMg-alloys), the automatic determination (linear regression of the logarithm true stress vs. the logarithm true plastic strain, see 8.7) is used to give reproducible results.
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This document specifies the method for tensile testing of metallic materials and defines the mechanical properties which can be determined at room temperature.
NOTE Annex A contains further recommendations for computer controlled testing machines.
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This document specifies methods for high speed compression testing, at room temperature, of porous and cellular metals having a porosity of 50 % or more. The speed range applicable to this test method is 0,1 m/s to 100 m/s (or 1 s−1 to 103 s−1 in terms of the initial strain rate when the specimen height is 100 mm).
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